Comparative analysis of pulmonary function in children born preterm and full-term at 6-9 years of age / Análise comparativa da função pulmonar em crianças de 6 a 9 anos de idade nascidas pré-termo e a termo

Abstract Objective: To compare pulmonary function parameters and the prevalence of altered pulmonary function in children born preterm and full-term, using the Global Lung Initiative reference values. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 6-9-year-old children submitted to measurement of airway resistance (Rint) and spirometry according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. The inclusion criteria were, among the preterm group: gestational age <37 weeks and birth weight <2000g; among the full-term group: schoolchildren born full-term with birth weight >2500g, recruited at two public schools in São Paulo, Brazil, matched by sex and age with the preterm group. As exclusion criteria, congenital malformations, cognitive deficit, and respiratory problems in the past 15 days were considered. Results: A total of 112 children were included in each group. Preterm children had gestational age of 30.8±2.8 weeks and birth weight of 1349±334g. Among them, 46.6% were boys, 46.4% presented respiratory distress syndrome, 19.6% bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and 65.2% were submitted to mechanical ventilation in the neonatal unit. At study entry, both groups were similar in age and anthropometric parameters. Parameters of pulmonary function (Z scores) in preterm and full-term groups were: Rint (0.13±2.24 vs. -1.02±1.29; p<0.001); forced vital capacity (FVC) (-0.39±1.27 vs. -0.15±1.03; p=0.106), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/FVC (-0.23±1.22 vs. 0.14±1.11; p=0.003), FEV1 (-0.48±1.29 vs. -0.04±1.08; p=0.071), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75) (1.16±1.37 vs. 2.08±1.26; p=0.005), respectively. The prevalence values of altered airway resistance (16.1 vs. 1.8%; p<0.001) and spirometry (26.8 vs. 13.4%, p=0.012) were higher in preterm infants than in full-term ones. Conclusions: Preterm children had higher prevalence of altered pulmonary function, higher Z scores of airway resistance, and lower Z scores of FEV1/FVC and FEF25-75 compared with those born full-term.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar parâmetros de função pulmonar e a prevalência de função pulmonar alterada em crianças nascidas pré-termo e a termo, utilizando a referência Global Lung Function Initiative. Métodos: Estudo transversal com crianças de 6-9 anos submetidas à medida de resistência de vias aéreas (Rint) segundo o American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. Como critérios de inclusão, entre o grupo pré-termo, estavam os nascidos com idade gestacional <37 semanas e peso <2000g; e entre o grupo termo, escolares de duas escolas públicas do município de São Paulo, nascidos a termo com peso >2500g, pareados por sexo e idade com o grupo pré-termo. Excluíram-se malformações congênitas, déficit cognitivo e problemas respiratórios havia menos de 15 dias. Resultados: Incluíram-se 112 crianças em cada grupo. Os prematuros (46,4% masculinos) apresentaram idade gestacional de 30,8±2,8 semanas e peso de 1349±334g. Entre eles, 46,4% tiveram síndrome de desconforto respiratório, 19,6% displasia broncopulmonar, e 65,2% receberam ventilação mecânica na unidade neonatal. À inclusão no estudo, os dois grupos apresentaram idade e dados antropométricos semelhantes. Os valores (escores Z) em nascidos pré-termo e a termo foram, respectivamente: Rint (0,13±2,24 vs. -1,02±1,29; p<0,001), capacidade vital forçada (CVF) (-0,39±1,27 vs. -0,15±1,03; p=0,106), volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1)/CVF (-0,23±1,22 vs. 0,14±1,11; p=0,003), VEF1 (-0,48±1,29 vs. -0,04±1,08; p=0,071) e fluxo expiratório forçado em 25-75% da capacidade vital (FEF25-75) (1,16±1,37 vs. 2,08±1,26; p=0,005). A prevalência de alterações na resistência de vias aéreas (16,1 vs. 1,8%, p<0,001) e na espirometria (26,8 vs. 13,4%, p=0,012) foi maior nos prematuros. Conclusões: As crianças nascidas pré-termo apresentaram maior prevalência de alteração pulmonar, maiores escores Z de resistência de vias aéreas e menores escores Z de VEF1/CVF e FEF25-75 quando comparadas às nascidas a termo.

Comparative analysis of pulmonary function in children born preterm and full-term at 6-9 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To compare pulmonary function parameters and the prevalence of altered pulmonary function in children born preterm and full-term, using the Global Lung Initiative reference values. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 6-9-year-old children submitted to measurement of airway resistance (Rint) and spirometry according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. The inclusion criteria were, among the preterm group: gestational age <37 weeks and birth weight <2000g; among the full-term group: schoolchildren born full-term with birth weight >2500g, recruited at two public schools in São Paulo, Brazil, matched by sex and age with the preterm group. As exclusion criteria, congenital malformations, cognitive deficit, and respiratory problems in the past 15 days were considered. RESULTS: A total of 112 children were included in each group. Preterm children had gestational age of 30.8±2.8 weeks and birth weight of 1349±334g. Among them, 46.6% were boys, 46.4% presented respiratory distress syndrome, 19.6% bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and 65.2% were submitted to mechanical ventilation in the neonatal unit. At study entry, both groups were similar in age and anthropometric parameters. Parameters of pulmonary function (Z scores) in preterm and full-term groups were: Rint (0.13±2.24 vs. -1.02±1.29; p<0.001); forced vital capacity (FVC) (-0.39±1.27 vs. -0.15±1.03; p=0.106), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/FVC (-0.23±1.22 vs. 0.14±1.11; p=0.003), FEV1 (-0.48±1.29 vs. -0.04±1.08; p=0.071), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75) (1.16±1.37 vs. 2.08±1.26; p=0.005), respectively. The prevalence values of altered airway resistance (16.1 vs. 1.8%; p<0.001) and spirometry (26.8 vs. 13.4%, p=0.012) were higher in preterm infants than in full-term ones. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm children had higher prevalence of altered pulmonary function, higher Z scores of airway resistance, and lower Z scores of FEV1/FVC and FEF25-75 compared with those born full-term.

Factor analysis of the performance at the medical residency exam, progress test and clerkship rotations performance coefficient / Análise fatorial do desempenho no exame de residência médica, teste de progresso e coeficiente de desempenho nos estágios do internato

Abstract: Introduction: The relationships between the students' performance on medical residency exams and progress tests and medical clerkship rotations are not well established. Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the correlations between grades on progress tests and clerkship rotations assessments and the medical residency exam and determine which performance had the strongest correlation with the final medical residency exam. Methods: This was a retrospective and longitudinal study with correlation analyses of grades on progress tests from the 1st to 6th year of medical school, the clerkship rotations performance coefficient (5th and 6th years of school) and the final medical residency exam in a cohort of students enrolled in a federal public medical school using factor analysis. Students who performed the progress tests from the 1st to 6th year were included. Results: Of 123 students enrolled in the first year of medical school in 2009, 114 (92.7%) performed the progress tests during the six years and were included. The average grades on the progress tests from 1 to 10 were 2.67 (1st year), 3.01 (2nd year), 4.19 (3rd year), 4.01 (4th year), 5.19 (5th year), and 6.38 (6th year). The average grades in the clerkship rotations were 8.32 (5th year) and 8.26 (6th year). The average score on the theoretical medical residency exam was 7.53 and the final result of the medical residency exam was 8.05. Factor analysis detected three domains with greater correlation strength that accounted for 76.3% of the model variance. Component 1 was identified as the coefficient of academic performance (CAP) 5th, CAP 6th and final medical residency exam grades, whereas component 2 was constituted by the grades of the 5th and 6th years progress tests and the third component comprised the progress tests of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th years. Conclusions: Grades on the progress tests, the clerkship rotations assessments and the final medical residency exam were correlated. Moreover, the performance during the medical clerkship rotations showed the strongest correlations with medical residency exam grades.

Resumo: Introdução: As relações entre o desempenho dos alunos nos exames de residência médica e testes de progresso e os estágios no internato médico não estão bem estabelecidas. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos medir as correlações entre as notas nos testes de progresso e as notas no internato e o resultado final do exame de residência médica, e determinar qual desempenho teve a maior correlação com o exame final da residência médica. Método: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e longitudinal com análises de correlação de notas em provas de progresso do primeiro ao sexto ano do curso de Medicina, coeficiente de desempenho de estágios do internato (quinto e sexto anos) e notas do exame final de residência médica em uma coorte de alunos matriculados em uma Faculdade de Medicina de uma instituição pública federal, usando análise fatorial. Foram incluídos os alunos que realizaram os testes de progresso do primeiro ao sexto ano. Resultado: Dos 123 alunos matriculados no primeiro ano do curso de Medicina em 2009, 114 (92,7%) realizaram os testes de progresso durante os seis anos letivos e foram incluídos. As notas médias nos testes de progresso de 1 a 10 foram 2,67 (primeiro ano), 3,01 (segundo ano), 4,19 (terceiro ano), 4,01 (quarto ano), 5,19 (quinto ano) e 6,38 (sexto ano). As notas médias nos estágios foram 8,32 (quinto ano) e 8,26 (sexto ano). A nota média no exame teórico da residência médica foi 7,53; e a média no exame final da residência, 8,5. A análise fatorial detectou três domínios com maior força de correlação que responderam por 76,3% da variância do modelo. O componente 1 foi identificado como coeficiente de rendimento acadêmico (CAP) 5º, CAP 6º e o resultado final do exame de residência médica, o componente 2 foi formado pelas notas das provas de progresso do quinto e sextos anos, e o terceiro componente compreendeu as notas do progresso do segundo, terceiro e quarto anos. Conclusão: As notas das provas de progresso, as avaliações do internato e o exame final de residência médica apresentaram correlações significantes. Além disso, o desempenho durante o internato apresentou maior correlação com as notas do exame final de residência médica.

INCIDENCE OF SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE NEONATES, ACCORDING TO THE FENTON AND INTERGROWTH-21ST CURVES IN A LEVEL II MATERNITY.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of small for gestational age infants among late preterm and term newborns, using the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves. METHODS: Observational and retrospective study with newborns in a level II maternity. The study was approved by the Institution's Ethics Committee. Live births from July 2007 to February 2009 with a gestational age from 34 to 41 weeks and seven days were included. Neonates with incomplete data were excluded. Appropriate weight for gestational age was assessed by the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st intrauterine growth curves, considering birth weight <10th percentile as small for gestational age. The degree of agreement between the two curves was assessed by the Kappa coefficient. Numerical variables were compared using the Student t-test or the Mann-Whitney. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS17® software, considering significant, p<0.05. RESULTS: We included 2849 newborns with a birthweight of 3210±483 g, gestational age of 38.8±1.4 weeks; 51.1% male. The incidence of small for gestational age in the full sample was 13.0 vs. 8.7% (p<0.001, Kappa=0.667) by the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves, respectively. Among late preterm, the incidence of small neonates was 11.3 vs. 10.9% (p<0.001; Kappa=0.793) and among full-term infants it was 13.1% vs. 8.5% (p<0.001; Kappa=0.656), respectively for the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of small for gestational age newborns was significantly higher using the Fenton curve, with greater agreement between the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves among late preterm, compared to full term neonates.

Incidence of small for gestational age neonates, according to the fenton and intergrowth-21st curves in a level ii maternity / Incidência de recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional segundo curva de fenton e intergrowth-21st em uma maternidade de nível secundário

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the incidence of small for gestational age infants among late preterm and term newborns, using the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves. Methods: Observational and retrospective study with newborns in a level II maternity. The study was approved by the Institution's Ethics Committee. Live births from July 2007 to February 2009 with a gestational age from 34 to 41 weeks and seven days were included. Neonates with incomplete data were excluded. Appropriate weight for gestational age was assessed by the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st intrauterine growth curves, considering birth weight <10th percentile as small for gestational age. The degree of agreement between the two curves was assessed by the Kappa coefficient. Numerical variables were compared using the Student t-test or the Mann-Whitney. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS17® software, considering significant, p<0.05. Results: We included 2849 newborns with a birthweight of 3210±483 g, gestational age of 38.8±1.4 weeks; 51.1% male. The incidence of small for gestational age in the full sample was 13.0 vs. 8.7% (p<0.001, Kappa=0.667) by the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves, respectively. Among late preterm, the incidence of small neonates was 11.3 vs. 10.9% (p<0.001; Kappa=0.793) and among full-term infants it was 13.1% vs. 8.5% (p<0.001; Kappa=0.656), respectively for the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves. Conclusions: The incidence of small for gestational age newborns was significantly higher using the Fenton curve, with greater agreement between the Fenton and Intergrowth-21st curves among late preterm, compared to full term neonates.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a incidência de neonatos pequenos para idade gestacional entre nascidos vivos pré-termo tardios e a termo utilizando as curvas de Fenton e Intergrowth-21st. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo com recém-nascidos de uma maternidade pública de nível secundário. Foram incluídos nascidos vivos de julho/2007 a fevereiro/2009 com idade gestacional de 34 a 41 semanas e seis dias. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da instituição. Foram excluídos recém-nascidos com dados incompletos. Para adequação do peso/da idade gestacional, utilizaram-se as curvas de crescimento intrauterino de Fenton e Intergrowth-21st, considerando-se pequeno aquele com peso ao nascer <10º percentil. O grau de concordância entre as duas curvas foi avaliado pelo coeficiente Kappa. As variáveis numéricas foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student ou de Mann-Whitney, conforme distribuição, e as categóricas pelo teste χ2. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 17®, considerando-se significante p<0,05. Resultados: Foram incluídos 2.849 recém-nascidos com peso ao nascer de 3210±483 g, idade gestacional de 38,8±1,4 semanas, sendo 51,1% masculinos. A incidência de recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional pela curva de Fenton e Intergrowth-21st na amostra total foi, respectivamente, de 13 e 8,7% (p<0,001; Kappa=0,667). Entre os pré-termo tardios, a incidência foi de 11,3 e 10,9% (p<0,001; Kappa=0,793) e entre os nascidos a termo foi de 13,1 e 8,5%, (p<0,001; Kappa=0,656), respectivamente, para as curvas de Fenton e Intergrowth-21st. Conclusões: A incidência de recém-nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional foi significantemente maior pela curva de Fenton, com maior concordância entre as curvas de Fenton e Intergrowth-21st em recém-nascidos pré-termo tardios do que nos nascidos a termo.

Factors associated with student performance on the medical residency test.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the scores of the Progress test, the Skills and Attitude test, and the medical internship are correlated with the medical residency exam performance of students who started medical school at the Federal University of São Paulo in 2009. METHODS: The scores of 684 Progress tests from years 1-6 of medical school, 111 Skills and Attitude exams (5th year), 228 performance coefficients for the 5th and 6th years of internship, and 211 scores on the medical residency exam were analyzed longitudinally. Correlations between scores were assessed by Pearson's correlation. Factors associated with medical residency scores were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS: Scores of Progress tests from years 1-6 and the Skills and Attitude test showed at least one moderate and significant correlation with each other. The theoretical exam and final exam scores in the medical residency had a moderate correlation with performance in the internship. The score of the theoretical medical residency exam was associated with performance in internship year 6 (ß=0.833; p<0.001), and the final medical residency exam score was associated with the Skills and Attitude score (ß=0.587; p<0.001), 5th-year internship score, (ß=0.060; p=0.025), and 6th-year Progress test score (ß=0.038; p=0.061). CONCLUSIONS: The scores of these tests showed significant correlations. The medical residency exam scores were positively associated with the student's performance in the internship and on the Skills test, with a tendency for the final medical residency exam score to be associated with the 6th-year Progress test.

Factors associated with student performance on the medical residency test

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the scores of the Progress test, the Skills and Attitude test, and the medical internship are correlated with the medical residency exam performance of students who started medical school at the Federal University of São Paulo in 2009 METHODS: The scores of 684 Progress tests from years 1-6 of medical school, 111 Skills and Attitude exams (5th year), 228 performance coefficients for the 5th and 6th years of internship, and 211 scores on the medical residency exam were analyzed longitudinally. Correlations between scores were assessed by Pearson's correlation. Factors associated with medical residency scores were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS: Scores of Progress tests from years 1-6 and the Skills and Attitude test showed at least one moderate and significant correlation with each other. The theoretical exam and final exam scores in the medical residency had a moderate correlation with performance in the internship. The score of the theoretical medical residency exam was associated with performance in internship year 6 (β=0.833; p<0.001), and the final medical residency exam score was associated with the Skills and Attitude score (β=0.587; p<0.001), 5th-year internship score, (β=0.060; p=0.025), and 6th-year Progress test score (β=0.038; p=0.061). CONCLUSIONS: The scores of these tests showed significant correlations. The medical residency exam scores were positively associated with the student's performance in the internship and on the Skills test, with a tendency for the final medical residency exam score to be associated with the 6th-year Progress test.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Analisar a presença de correlação e associação entre as notas dos Testes de Progresso, provas de Habilidades e Atitudes e notas de desempenho no internato em relação às notas de Residência Médica (RM) de alunos ingressantes em 2009 no curso médico da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: análise longitudinal de 684 notas de Testes de Progresso do 1º ao 6º ano, 111 de Habilidades e Atitudes (5º ano), 228 coeficientes de rendimento do 5º e 6º anos e 211 notas da Prova de Residência Médica. Analisou-se a correlação de Pearson entre as notas e os fatores associados às notas da RM por regressão linear. RESULTADOS: Os Testes de Progresso do 1º ao 6º ano e Habilidades apresentaram pelo menos uma correlacao moderada e significante entre si. As notas da prova teorica e nota final da RM tiveram correlacao moderada com as notas de desempenho no internato. A nota teorica da Prova de RM se associou ao desempenho no internato no 6º ano (β=0,833; p<0,001) e nota final da Prova de RM se associou as notas da prova de Habilidades e Atitudes (β=0,587; p<0,001), desempenho no 5º ano (β=0,060, p=0,025) e Testes de Progresso do 6º ano (β=0,038; p=0,061). CONCLUSÕES: Houve correlacao significante entre as notas das diversas provas. A nota da prova de Residencia Medica se associou positivamente ao desempenho do aluno no internato e prova de Habilidades, com tendencia de associacao do Teste de Progresso do 6º ano com o desempenho final na prova de RM.

Aerobic Capacity of Preterm Children with Very Low Birth Weight at School Age and its Associated Factors / Capacidad aeróbica de niños prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer y edad escolar y sus factores asociados

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory morbidities of preterm infants can cause significant ventilatory impairment thus compromising the aerobic capacity in childhood and adolescence. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the aerobic capacity in school age preterm children with VLBW and its associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among preterm born with VLBW and term children, both aged 6-9 years. An individualized symptom-limited treadmill testing protocol performed aerobic capacity. Measured variables: oxygen pulse (PuO2), percentage of maximum heart rate for age (%HR max), tidal volume/inspiratory capacity ratio (TV/IC), oxygen consumption (VO2) peak, and the ratio of the anaerobic threshold of gas exchange to the predicted percentage of maximum VO2 (VO2@LA/%VO2 max.pred.) were compared between groups. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with aerobic capacity. RESULTS: Thirty-four preterm and 32 term children were included. Similar VO2 peak and the other variables were observed. The development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and being obese/overweight was positively associated with %HR max. The Z-score for height/age and birth weight < 1000 g was positively associated with PuO2 and peak VO2, and negatively associated with overweight/obesity and female sex. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic capacity was similar in both groups. Sex, development of BPD, birth weight < 1000 g and factors related to body growth, such as Z-score for height/age and overweight/obesity, were associated with aerobic capacity in preterm children with VLBW

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las enfermedades respiratorias de los niños prematuros pueden causar importantes impedimentos ventilatorios que comprometen la capacidad aeróbica en la infancia y en la adolescencia. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo para evaluar la capacidad aeróbica de niños prematuros en edad escolar de muy bajo peso al nacer (BPN) y los factores asociados. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal con niños prematuros de muy BPN y con niños a término, ambos grupos con edades comprendidas entre los 6 y 9 años. Las siguientes variables se compararon entre los 2 grupos: el pulso de oxígeno (PuO2), el porcentaje de frecuencia cardíaca máxima (%FC máx.), la relación entre el volumen corriente y la capacidad inspiratoria (TV/IC), el consumo pico de oxígeno (VO2) y la relación entre el umbral anaeróbico de intercambio de gas y el porcentaje estimado de VO2 máximo (VO2@LA/%VO2 máx. pred.). Se llevaron a cabo análisis de regresión lineal univariante y multivariante para determinar los factores asociados con la capacidad aeróbica. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 34 niños prematuros y 32 niños a término. Se registraron valores similares de VO2 pico y de otras variables. El desarrollo de displasia broncopulmonar (BPD) y de obesidad/sobrepeso mostró una asociación positiva con el %FC máx. El Z-score para la altura/edad y el peso al nacer < 1.000 g se asoció positivamente con la SaO2 y el VO2 y negativamente con el sobrepeso/obesidad y el sexo femenino. CONCLUSIONES: La capacidad aeróbica fue similar entre los 2 grupos. El sexo, el desarrollo de BPD, peso al nacer < 1.000 g y factores relacionados con el crecimiento corporal, tales como el Z-score para la altura/edad y para el sobrepeso/obesidad se asociaron con la capacidad aeróbica en niños prematuros de muy BPN

Comparative analysis of gross motor coordination between overweight/obese and eutrophic children / Análise comparativa da coordenação motora grossa em crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade e eutróficas / Análisis comparativo de la coordinación motora gruesa en niños con sobrepeso / obesidad y eutróficas

Abstract Introduction: Overweight and obese children may have lower motor coordination score than normal-weight children. Objective: To compare gross motor coordination between overweight/obese and normal-weight children and investigate the associated factors with the motor coordination scores. Method: This cross-sectional study involved 169 children of both genders, aged 6-9 years. Children with malformations, bone, muscle, and joint or neurological disorders, and BMI z < -2 were excluded. Gross motor coordination was assessed by the "Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder" (KTK). The associated factors with the motor coordination scores were analyzed by linear regression. Results: The mean scores for balancing backwards (84.2 ± 13.2 vs. 91.0 ± 15.0), hopping over on one foot (127.9 ± 10.1 vs. 132.3 ± 12.1), shifting platforms sidewise (123.5 ± 23.4 vs. 129.8 ± 14.9), as well as the overall motor scores (112.5 ± 14.8 vs. 118.8 ± 11.6) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in overweight/obese children when compared to normal-weight children. The percentage of poor motor scores (< 85) in balancing backwards was higher in overweight/obese children (60.4% vs. 36.4%, p = 0.004) and was similar for jumping sideways (18.8% vs. 9.9%, p = 0.116), as well as for shifting platforms sidewise (6.3% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.070). By multiple linear regression analysis, the variables overweight/obesity and sports practice for less than 2 times/week decreased significantly (p < 0.05) the motor coordination score by -18.7 and -15.6 points, respectively. Conclusion: The overweight/obese children scored lower in the motor coordination tests compared to the normal-weight children. Overweight/obesity and low frequency of physical activity were associated with lower scores of gross motor coordination.

Resumo Introdução: Crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade podem ter menores escores de coordenação motora, comparadas às eutróficas. Objetivo: Comparar a coordenação motora grossa entre escolares com sobrepeso/obesidade e eutróficos e analisar os fatores associados aos escores de coordenação motora. Método: Este estudo transversal incluiu crianças de 6-9 anos, de ambos os sexos. Foram excluídas crianças com malformações congênitas, deformidades osteomioarticulares, distúrbios neurológicos ou IMC < -2 escore-z. Avaliou-se a coordenação motora grossa pelos testes Körperkoordinations test für Kinder (KTK). Fatores associados aos escores de coordenação motora foram analisados por regressão linear. Resultado: As médias dos escores na marcha para trás (84,2 ± 13,2 vs. 91,0 ± 15,0), saltos monopedais (127,9 ± 10,1 vs. 132,3 ± 12,1), transferência em plataformas (123,5 ± 23,4 vs. 129,8 ± 14,9) e o escore global dos testes (112,5 ± 14,8 vs. 118,8 ± 11,6) foram significantemente menores (p < 0,05) em crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade, comparadas às eutróficas. A porcentagem de alunos com escore motor deficiente (< 85) foi maior no sobrepeso/obesidade na marcha para trás (60,4% vs. 36,4%, p = 0,004) e semelhantes nos saltos laterais (18,8% vs. 9,9%, p = 0,116) e transferência lateral (6,3% vs. 0,8%, p = 0,070). Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, as variáveis sobrepeso/obesidade e prática de esporte < 2 vezes/semana reduziram significantemente (p < 0,05) o escore motor global em 18,7 e 15,6 pontos, respectivamente. Conclusões: Crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade apresentaram menores escores de coordenação motora que as eutróficas. Sobrepeso/obesidade e baixa frequência de atividade física se associaram a menores escores de coordenação motora grossa.

Resumen Introducción: Niños con sobrepeso/obesidad pueden tener menores escores de coordinación motora, comparados a las eutróficas. Objetivo: Comparar la coordinación motora gruesa entre escolares con sobrepeso/obesidad y eutróficos, y analizar factores asociados a coordinación motora. Método: Este estudio transversal incluyó niños de 6-9 años, de ambos géneros. Se excluyeron: niños con malformaciones congénitas, deformidades osteomioarticulares, trastornos neurológicos o IMC < -2 escore-z. Se evaluó la coordinación motora gruesa por las pruebas Körperkoordinations test für Kinder (KTK). Factores asociados a los escores de coordinación motora fueron analizados por regresión lineal. Resultado: Las medias de los escores en la marcha hacia atrás (84,2 ± 13,2 vs. 91,0 ± 15,0), saltos monopedales (127,9 ± 10,1 vs. 132,3 ± 12,1, transferencia en plataformas (123,5 ± 23,4 vs. 129,8 ± 14,9) y escore global (112,5 ± 14,8 vs. 118,8 ± 11,6) fueron significativamente menores (p < 0,05) en niños con sobrepeso/obesidad, comparados a las eutróficas. El porcentaje de alumnos con escore motor deficiente (< 85) fue mayor en sobrepeso/obesidad en la marcha hacia atrás (60,4% vs. 36,4%, p = 0,004) y similares en los saltos laterales (18,8% vs. 9,9%, p = 0,116) y transferencia lateral (6,3% vs. 0,8%, p = 0,070). En el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, las variables sobrepeso/obesidad y práctica de deporte < 2 veces/semana redujeron significantemente (p < 0,05) el puntaje motor global en 18,7 y 15,6 puntos, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Niños con sobrepeso/obesidad presentaron menores escores de coordinación motora que las eutróficas. Sobrepeso/obesidad y baja frecuencia de actividad física se asociaron a menores escores de coordinación motora gruesa.

BLOOD CELLS PROFILE IN UMBILICAL CORD OF LATE PRETERM AND TERM NEWBORNS.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the hematological profile in cord blood of late preterm and term newborns and compare blood indices according to sex, weight for gestational age and type of delivery. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with late preterm and term newborns in a second-level maternity. Multiple gestation, chorioamnionitis, maternal or fetal hemorrhage, suspected congenital infection, 5-minute Apgar <6, congenital malformations, and Rh hemolytic disease were excluded. Percentiles 3, 5,10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 and 97 of blood indices were calculated for both groups. RESULTS: 2,662 newborns were included in the sample, 51.1% males, 7.3% late preterms, 7.8% small for gestational age (SGA) and 81.2% adequate for gestational age (AGA). Mean gestational age was 35.6±1.9 and 39.3±1.0 weeks, respectively, for premature and term neonates. The erythrocytes indices and white blood cells increased from 34-36.9 to 37-41.9 weeks. Basophils and platelets remained constant during gestation. Premature neonates presented lower values ​​of all blood cells, except for lymphocytes and eosinophils. SGA neonates presented higher values ​​of hemoglobin, hematocrit and lower values of leukocytes, neutrophils, bands, segmented, eosinophils, monocytes and platelets. Male neonates presented similar values ​​of erythrocytes and hemoglobin and lower leukocytes, neutrophils, segmented and platelets. Neonates delivered by C-section had lower values ​​of red blood cells and platelets. Chronic or gestational hypertension induced lower number of platelets. CONCLUSIONS: Blood cells increased during gestation, except for platelets and basophils. SGA neonates had higher hemoglobin and hematocrit values and lower leukocytes. Number of platelets was smaller in male SGAs, born by C-section and whose mothers had hypertension.

Blood cells profile in umbilical cord of late preterm and term newborns / Perfil de hemograma em sangue de cordão umbilical de recém-nascidos pré-termo tardio e a termo

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the hematological profile in cord blood of late preterm and term newborns and compare blood indices according to sex, weight for gestational age and type of delivery. Methods: Cross-sectional study with late preterm and term newborns in a second-level maternity. Multiple gestation, chorioamnionitis, maternal or fetal hemorrhage, suspected congenital infection, 5-minute Apgar <6, congenital malformations, and Rh hemolytic disease were excluded. Percentiles 3, 5,10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 and 97 of blood indices were calculated for both groups. Results: 2,662 newborns were included in the sample, 51.1% males, 7.3% late preterms, 7.8% small for gestational age (SGA) and 81.2% adequate for gestational age (AGA). Mean gestational age was 35.6±1.9 and 39.3±1.0 weeks, respectively, for premature and term neonates. The erythrocytes indices and white blood cells increased from 34-36.9 to 37-41.9 weeks. Basophils and platelets remained constant during gestation. Premature neonates presented lower values ​​of all blood cells, except for lymphocytes and eosinophils. SGA neonates presented higher values ​​of hemoglobin, hematocrit and lower values of leukocytes, neutrophils, bands, segmented, eosinophils, monocytes and platelets. Male neonates presented similar values ​​of erythrocytes and hemoglobin and lower leukocytes, neutrophils, segmented and platelets. Neonates delivered by C-section had lower values ​​of red blood cells and platelets. Chronic or gestational hypertension induced lower number of platelets. Conclusions: Blood cells increased during gestation, except for platelets and basophils. SGA neonates had higher hemoglobin and hematocrit values and lower leukocytes. Number of platelets was smaller in male SGAs, born by C-section and whose mothers had hypertension.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil hematológico em sangue de cordão de recém-nascidos pré-termo tardio e a termo e comparar parâmetros hematimétricos segundo sexo, adequação peso idade gestacional e tipo de parto. Métodos: Estudo transversal com recém-nascidos pré-termo tardio e a termo, em maternidade de nível secundário. Excluíram-se gestação múltipla, corioamnionite, hemorragia materna ou fetal, suspeita de infecção congênita, Apgar no 5o minuto <6, malformações congênitas e doença hemolítica Rh. Calcularam-se os percentis 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 e 97 dos parâmetros hematológicos. Resultados: Incluíram-se 2.662 recém-nascidos, 51,1% do sexo masculino, 7,3% prematuros tardios, 7,8% pequenos para a idade gestacional e 81,2% adequados. A idade gestacional foi 35,6±1,9 e 39,3±1,0 semanas, respectivamente, nos prematuros e termos. As séries vermelha e branca aumentaram de 34-36,9 para 37-41,9 semanas, exceto basófilos e plaquetas, que permaneceram constantes. Os prematuros apresentaram menores médias nas séries vermelha, plaquetária e branca, com exceção de linfócitos e eosinófilos. Recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional apresentaram maiores valores de hemoglobina e hematócrito e menores de leucócitos, neutrófilos, bastonetes segmentados, eosinófilos, monócitos e plaquetas. Recém-nascidos masculinos apresentaram taxas semelhantes de hemoglobina e hematócrito e menores de leucócitos, neutrófilos, segmentados e plaquetas. Na cesárea, as células vermelhas e as plaquetas foram menores que no parto vaginal. O número de plaquetas foi menor na hipertensão crônica ou gestacional. Conclusões: As células sanguíneas aumentaram durante a gestação, exceto plaquetas e basófilos. Recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional apresentaram maiores taxas de hemoglobina e hematócrito e menores de células brancas. O número de plaquetas foi menor no recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional, masculino, nascido por cesárea e de mãe hipertensa.

Screening for ASD signs in very low birth weight preterm infants / Rastreamento de sinais sugestivos de TEA em prematuros com muito baixo peso ao nascer / Rastreo de señales sugestivas de TEA en prematuros con muy bajo peso al nacer

Prematurity has been associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), and the early diagnosis is relevant for this population. This study compares the frequency of positive screening for ASD signs using M-CHAT at 18-24 months (n = 60) and ABC questionnaires at 30-36 months (n = 58) of corrected age in toddlers born prematurely with birth weight < I500g and investigates ASD diagnosis in suspected cases. Toddlers screened positive were evaluated with a DSM-5 diagnostic protocol. 6.7% of toddlers screened positive for M-CHAT and 5.2% for ABC. ASD diagnosis was confirmed for 3.3% of children. An agreement between M-CHAT and ABC questionnaires was low (k = 0.241, p = 0.063). The frequency of suggestive signs of ASD detected by the M-CHAT and the ABC at different moments was similar, and the diagnosis rate of ASD was high. The screening at I8-24 month added to the screening at 30-36 months increased the frequency of positive screening for signs of ASD in preterm.

Prematuridade tem sido associada com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA). Diagnóstico precoce é relevante para essa população. Este estudo comparou a frequência de rastreamento positivo para sinais de TEA utilizando os questionários M-CHAT aos 18-24 meses (n = 60) e ABC aos 30-36 meses (n = 58) de idade corrigida em prematuros nascidos com peso < 1.500 g e investigou diagnóstico de TEA nos casos suspeitos com protocolo diagnóstico seguindo DSM-5. Dos prematuros, 6,7% foram positivos para M-CHAT e 5,2% para ABC. Diagnóstico de TEA foi confirmado para 3,3% das crianças. Houve baixa concordância entre M-CHAT e ABC (k = 0,241, p = 0,063). A frequência de sinais sugestivos de TEA detectada pelos dois instrumentos em diferentes momentos foi similar; e a taxa de diagnóstico de TEA, alta. O rastreamento aos 18-24 meses, acrescido de rastreamento aos 30-36 meses, aumenta a frequência de rastreamento positivo para sinais de TEA em prematuros.

Prematuridad es asociada al Transtorno del Espectro del Autismo (TEA). Diagnóstico precoz es relevante para esta población. Este estudio comparó la frequen-cia de rastreo positivo para senales de TEA utilizando los questionários M-CHAT a los 18-24 meses (n = 60) y ABC a los 30-36 meses (n = 58) de edad corregida em prematuros nacidos com peso < 1.500 g, y averiguo diagnóstico de TEA em los casos sospe-chosos, con protocolo diagnóstico siguiendo DSM-5. 6,7% de los prematuros fueron positivos para M-CHAT y 5,2% para ABC. Diagnóstico de TEA fue confirmado en 3,3% de los prematuros. Hubo baja concordância entre M-CHAT y ABC (k = 0,241, p = 0,063). La frequencia de senales de TEA detectada por los dos instrumentos en diferentes momentos fue similar, y la tasa de diagnóstico de TEA fue alta. El rastreo a los 18-24 meses, sumado al rastreo a los 30-36 meses aumenta la frequência de rastreo positivo para senales de TEA en prematuros.

Quality of life of former preterm adolescents / Qualidade de vida de adolescentes nascidos prematuros

ABSTRACT Objectives: To compare the quality of life of adolescents born prematurely with very-low-birth-weight, reported by adolescents themselves and their caregivers, and analyze associated factors perceived by both. Methods: This cross-sectional study included former preterm adolescents born with gestational age < 37 weeks and birth weigh < 1,500 g, who were being followed up at the premature outpatient clinic of a university institution, from birth to adolescence, and their caregivers. Quality of life was assessed by the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Factors associated with quality of life were analyzed by linear regression. Results: Of 91 eligible adolescents, 73 (80.2%) were included, being 38 (52.1%) male. The mean gestational age was 30.1 ± 2.4 weeks and birth weight was 1134 ± 239 g. Adolescents reported better quality of life than their caregivers (p = 0.011), being respectively: dissatisfied (1.4 vs. 4.1%), neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (20.5 vs. 20.5%), satisfied (56.2 vs. 71.2%) and very satisfied (21.9 vs. 4.1%). Scores attributed by adolescents and caregivers were, respectively: overall quality of life (4.0 ± 0.7 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6, p = 0.032), physical domain (3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.6, p = 0.685), psychological domain (3.4 ± 0.6 vs. 3.6 ± 0.6, p = 0.116), social relationships (3.7 ± 0.7 vs. 3.6 ± 0.8, p = 0.371) and environment (3.4 ± 0.7 vs. 3.2 ± 0.6, p = 0.037). For caregivers, absence of fixed partner and hospitalization in childhood decreased the overall quality of life score; furthermore, the occurrence of respiratory distress syndrome increased this score. In the adolescents' view, leukomalacia reduced this score. Conclusions: Adolescents reported better quality of life than caregivers. For adolescents, only biological factors were associated with quality of life scores; for caregivers, biological and social factors were associated this scores.

RESUMO Objetivos: Comparar a qualidade de vida de adolescentes nascidos prematuros com muito baixo peso na percepção do adolescente e de seu cuidador e analisar os fatores associados na visão de ambos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com adolescentes nascidos com idade gestacional < 37 semanas e peso < 1.500 g, em acompanhamento no ambulatório de prematuros de uma instituição universitária, do nascimento à adolescência, e seus cuidadores. Pesquisou-se a qualidade de vida com o questionário WHOQOL-BREF. Fatores associados à qualidade de vida foram analisados por regressão linear. Resultados: Dos 91 adolescentes elegíveis, 73 (80,2%) foram incluídos, sendo 38 (52,1%) masculinos, nascidos com 30,1 ± 2,4 semanas de gestação e peso de 1.134 ± 239 g. Adolescentes referiram melhor qualidade de vida que seus cuidadores (p = 0,01), sendo, respectivamente: insatisfeitos (1,4 vs. 4,1%), nem satisfeitos, nem insatisfeitos (20,5 vs. 20,5%), satisfeitos (56,2 vs. 71,2%) e muito satisfeitos (21,9 vs. 4,1%). Os escores atribuídos pelos adolescentes e cuidadores foram, respectivamente, qualidade de vida geral (4,0 ± 0,7 vs. 3,8 ± 0,6, p = 0,032), domínio físico (3,6 ± 0,6 vs. 3,5 ± 0,6, p = 0,685), domínio psicológico (3,4 ± 0,6 vs. 3,6 ± 0,6, p = 0,116), relações sociais (3,7 ± 0,7 vs. 3,6 ± 0,8, p = 0,371) e ambiente (3,4 ± 0,7 vs. 3,2 ± 0,6, p = 0,037). Para cuidadores, ausência de parceiro fixo e hospitalização na infância diminuíram os escores de qualidade de vida geral, já a síndrome de desconforto respiratório aumentou esse escore. Na percepção dos adolescentes, a leucomalácia reduziu esse escore. Conclusões: Adolescentes referiram melhor qualidade de vida que seus cuidadores. Para adolescentes, apenas fatores biológicos se associaram aos escores de qualidade de vida; para cuidadores, fatores biológicos e sociais se associaram a esse escore.

Percepção da qualidade de vida e fatores associados aos escores de qualidade de vida de alunos de uma escola de medicina / Perception of quality of life and factors associated with scores of quality of life of students of a medical school

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a qualidade de vida e fatores associados ao menor escore de qualidade de vida de estudantes de medicina. Métodos Estudo transversal com o questionário WHOQOL-100, incluindo alunos do 1º ao 6o ano de medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Não houve critérios de exclusão. Variáveis numéricas foram comparadas por teste t ou ANOVA e as categóricas, por qui-quadrado. Fatores associados ao menor escore global foram analisados por regressão linear, considerando-se significante p < 0,05. Resultados Foram incluídos 607 (82,5%) alunos, com idade de 22,9 ± 2,9 anos, sendo 57,4% do sexo masculino, 99,0% solteiros e 14,5% moravam sozinhos. O escore global de qualidade de vida foi 72,1 ± 7,7 pontos. No domínio qualidade de vida, o escore foi maior no ciclo básico que nos profissionalizante e internato. Em comparação ao 1o ano, o 6o apresentou menores escores em todos os domínios, exceto na espiritualidade. O sexo masculino apresentou maior escore global e nos domínios físico, psicológico, independência e qualidade de vida, comparado ao feminino. Os que moravam sozinhos, comparados àqueles que tinham companhia, apresentaram menores escores no domínio físico. Os alunos da classe socioeconômica C/D apresentaram menor escore global e no domínio ambiente, comparados àqueles das classes A e B. Os fatores associados a menor escore global foram: sexto ano (OR: -3,5), sexo feminino (OR: -2,1) e classe socioeconômica C/D (OR: -1,8). Conclusões O escore global de qualidade de vida foi 72 pontos, com menor pontuação no domínio físico. Os fatores associados a menor escore global de qualidade de vida. foram: sexto ano, sexo feminino e classe socioeconômica C/D.

ABSTRACT Objective Assess the quality of life and factors associated with lower scores of quality of life of medical students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire with inclusion of 1st-6th year medical students of the Federal University of São Paulo. No exclusion criterion was adopted. Comparisons between numerical variables were made by t test or ANOVA and categorical variables by qui-square. Factors associated with lower overall scores were analyzed by linear regression, considering significant p < 0.05. Results We enrolled 607 (82.5%) students; mean age of 22.9 ± 2.9 years, 57.4% male, 99.0% single and 14.5% were living alone. Students presented an overall score of 72.1 ± 7.7 points. The perception of quality of life was greater in 1st-2nd years students compared to 3rd-4th year and 5th-6th years. Sixth year had lower scores than 1st year in all areas, except in spirituality. Males had higher score, in physical, psychological, independence and quality of life, compared with females. Those who were living alone, compared to those who had company, had lower scores in physical domain. Students of the C/D socioeconomic status had a lower overall and environment domain score, compared to class A and B. Factors associated with lower overall scores were: 6th year (OR: -3.5), female sex (OR: -2.1) and class C/D (OR: -1.8). Conclusions The overall score for quality of life was 72 points, with lower score in the physical domain. Factors associated to lower score of global quality of life were: 6th year, female and socioeconomic class C/D.

Neonatal screening for severe combined immunodeficiency in Brazil / Triagem neonatal para imunodeficiência combinada grave no Brasil

Abstract Objective To apply, in Brazil, the T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) quantification technique using real-time polymerase chain reaction in newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency and assess the feasibility of implementing it on a large scale in Brazil. Methods 8715 newborn blood samples were collected on filter paper and, after DNA elution, TRECs were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cutoff value to determine whether a sample was abnormal was determined by ROC curve analysis, using SSPS. Results The concentration of TRECs in 8,682 samples ranged from 2 to 2,181 TRECs/µL of blood, with mean and median of 324 and 259 TRECs/µL, respectively. Forty-nine (0.56%) samples were below the cutoff (30 TRECs/µL) and were reanalyzed. Four (0.05%) samples had abnormal results (between 16 and 29 TRECs/µL). Samples from patients previously identified as having severe combined immunodeficiency or DiGeorge syndrome were used to validate the assay and all of them showed TRECs below the cutoff. Preterm infants had lower levels of TRECs than full-term neonates. The ROC curve showed a cutoff of 26 TRECs/µL, with 100% sensitivity for detecting severe combined immunodeficiency. Using this value, retest and referral rates were 0.43% (37 samples) and 0.03% (3 samples), respectively. Conclusion The technique is reliable and can be applied on a large scale after the training of technical teams throughout Brazil.

Resumo Objetivo Aplicar no Brasil a técnica de quantificação de T-cell Receptor Excision Circles (TRECs) por PCR em tempo real para triagem neonatal de imunodeficiência combinada grave (SCID) e avaliar se é possível fazê-la em grande escala em nosso país. Métodos Foram coletadas em papel filtro 8.715 amostras de sangue de recém-nascidos e, após eluição do DNA, os TRECs foram quantificados por PCR em tempo real. O valor de corte para determinar se uma amostra é anormal foi determinado pela análise de curva ROC com o programa SSPS. Resultados A concentração de TRECs em 8.682 amostras analisadas variou entre 2 e 2.181 TRECs/µL de sangue, com média e mediana de 324 e 259 TRECs/µL, respectivamente. Das amostras, 49 (0,56%) ficaram abaixo do valor de corte (30 TRECs/µL) e foram requantificadas. Quatro (0,05%) mantiveram resultados anormais (entre 16 e 29 TRECs/µL). Amostras de pacientes com diagnóstico clínico prévio de SCID e síndrome de DiGeorge foram usadas para validar o ensaio e todas apresentaram concentração de TRECs abaixo do valor de corte. Recém-nascidos prematuros apresentaram menores níveis de TRECs comparados com os nascidos a termo. Com o uso da curva ROC em nossos dados, chegamos ao valor de corte de 26 TRECs/µL, com sensibilidade de 100% para detecção de SCID. Com o uso desse valor, as taxas de repetição e encaminhamento ficaram em 0,43% (37 amostras) e 0,03% (3 amostras), respectivamente. Conclusão A técnica é factível e pode ser implantada em grande escala, após treinamento técnico das equipes envolvidas.

Maternally acquired IgG immunity in neonates born to renal transplanted women.

Neonates born to renal transplanted women are exposed in utero to immunosuppressors and to antenatal conditions that may predispose the neonate to a high risk of prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation. These factors might interfere with the transfer of maternal IgG immunity. Total IgG levels and specific antibodies to measles, varicella, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (serotypes 4,6B,9V,14,18C,19F and 23F) were evaluated on maternal and cord blood samples of 23 sets of renal transplanted women and their newborns and 32 sets of healthy women-newborns at term. Total IgG levels were measured by nephelometry and specific antibodies, by ELISA. Renal transplanted mothers had lower median tetanus antibodies (0.67IU/mL) than controls (1.53IU/mL; p=0.017). Neonates from renal transplanted mothers had lower median tetanus antibodies (0.95IU/mL) than controls (1.97IU/mL, p=0.008). Antibodies to measles, varicella, Hib and the 7 serotypes of S. pneumoniae were similar between groups. Maternal antibodies were associated with an increase in neonatal antibodies for all antigens; gestational age was associated with an increase in Hib neonatal antibodies. Preeclampsia was associated with a decrease in neonatal total IgG and serotype 4 S. pneumoniae antibodies; chronic hypertension was associated with a decrease in neonatal serotype 6B S. pneumoniae antibodies. As neonates from transplanted women may be born with lower tetanus antibodies than controls, efforts should be made to keep maternal vaccines up-to-date. Clinical antenatal care with control of preeclampsia, chronic hypertension and prevention of premature delivery might also contribute to neonatal antibody levels to specific antigens at birth.

A importância de um questionário de avaliação de unidade curricular / The relevance of a questionnaire for curricular unit assessment

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a confiabilidade e validade interna de um questionário de satisfação aplicado prospectivamente a alunos do sexto ano médico que frequentaram o estágio de Neonatologia em uma universidade pública de 2000 a 2011. Responderam ao questionário 1.349 (97,4%) alunos. O coeficiente de Cronbach foi 0,7. A análise fatorial determinou quatro domínios: atuação dos docentes, assistência na sala de parto, número de recém-nascidos assistidos e carga teórica, que explicaram, respectivamente, 18%, 16%, 14% e 9% da variância total. O escore de satisfação foi 89,3 ± 7,6% do escore máximo, o número de recém-nascidos recepcionados na sala de parto/aluno foi 4,7 ± 3,3, e as notas do pré-teste e pós-teste foram 5,3 ± 0,9 e 8,8 ± 0,5, respectivamente. A correlação de Pearson entre o escore total e a nota do pós-teste foi 0,7 (p = 0,010) . Houve correlação positiva entre escore de satisfação e qualidade das aulas, aproveitamento na sala de parto, atuação do plantonista e docente, atendimento ao recém-nascido e hospital com condições para o aprendizado. Concluiu-se que a confiabilidade e a validade interna do questionário foram adequadas, e o escore de satisfação do aluno foi elevado.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a satisfaction questionnaire prospectively applied to the 6th year medical students of a public university who attended the neonatology course from 2000 to 2011. Of the 1,349 students, 1,314 (97.4%) answered the questionnaire. Cronbach coefficient was 0.7. The factorial analysis determined four domains: performance of professors, care at delivery room, number of neonates cared and number of classes that explained 18%, 16%, 14% and 9%, respectively of total item variance. The total score was 89.3 ± 7.6% of the maximum. The number of neonates assisted at delivery room was and 4.7 ± 3.3 and pre-test and post-test scores were 5.3 ± 0.9 and 8.8 ± 0.5, respectively. Pearson correlation between total score and post-test score was 0.7 (p = 0.010) . A positive correlation was observed between total score and quality of classes, assistance at the delivery room, performance of the neonatologist in duty and professors, assistance of neonates and hospital with conditions for education. In conclusion, the questionnaire showed adequa-te reliability and validity and student´s satisfaction score was high.

Disponibilidade de assistência fisioterapêutica em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal na cidade de São Paulo / Availability of physical therapy assistance in neonatal intensive care units in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Objetivo: Descrever as características da assistência fisioterapêutica prestada a neonatos e delinear o perfil dos fisioterapeutas que trabalham em unidades de terapia intensiva na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em todos os hospitais da cidade de São Paulo que tinham registro de pelo menos um leito de terapia intensiva para neonatos, segundo o Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde em 2010. Em cada unidade, foram incluídos três categorias de fisioterapeutas: um executivo, responsável pelo serviço de fisioterapia do hospital (chefe da fisioterapia); um fisioterapeuta responsável pela assistência fisioterapêutica na unidade neonatal (fisioterapeuta de referência); e um selecionado ao acaso e diretamente envolvido no cuidado ao recém-nascido (fisioterapeuta assistencial). Resultados: Dentre os 67 hospitais elegíveis para o estudo, 63 (94,0%) dispunham de um serviço de fisioterapia. Três (4,8%) desses hospitais recusaram-se a participar. Assim, foram entrevistados 60 chefes da fisioterapia, 53 fisioterapeutas de referência e 44 fisioterapeutas assistenciais. Durante os turnos diurnos, noturnos e de finais de semana/feriados, respectivamente, não havia fisioterapeutas disponíveis em 1,7%, 45,0% e 13,3% das unidades de terapia intensiva. A assistência fisioterapêutica estava disponível por 17,8±7,2 horas/dia, e cada fisioterapeuta cuidava de 9,4±2,6 neonatos durante um turno de 6 horas. A maioria dos profissionais havia concluído pelo menos um curso de especialização. Conclusão: A maioria as unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal da cidade de São Paulo tinha fisioterapeutas atuando durante o turno diurno. Entretanto, os demais turnos tinham equipes incompletas e menos de 18 horas de assistência fisioterapêutica disponível ao dia. .

Objective: To describe the characteristics of physical therapy assistance to newborns and to provide a profile of physical therapists working in intensive care units in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in every hospital in São Paulo city that had at least one intensive care unit bed for newborns registered at the National Registry of Health Establishments in 2010. In each unit, three types of physical therapists were included: an executive who was responsible for the physical therapy service in that hospital (chief-physical therapists), a physical therapist who was responsible for the physical therapy assistance in the neonatal unit (reference-physical therapists), and a randomly selected physical therapist who was directly involved in the neonatal care (care-physical therapists). Results: Among the 67 hospitals eligible for the study, 63 (94.0%) had a physical therapy service. Of those hospitals, three (4.8%) refused to participate. Thus, 60 chief-PTs, 52 reference-physical therapists, and 44 care-physical therapists were interviewed. During day shifts, night shifts, and weekends/holidays, there were no physical therapists in 1.7%, 45.0%, and 13.3% of the intensive care units, respectively. Physical therapy assistance was available for 17.8±7.2 hours/day, and each physical therapist cared for 9.4±2.6 newborns during six working hours. Most professionals had completed at least one specialization course. Conclusion: Most neonatal intensive care units in the city of São Paulo had physical therapists working on the day shift. However, other shifts had incomplete staff with less than 18 hours of available physical therapy assistance per day. .

Avaliação do neurodesenvolvimento de prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer entre 18 e 24 meses de idade corrigida pelas escalas Bayley III / Neurodevelopmental assessment of very low birth weight preterm infants at corrected age of 18-24 months by Bayley III scales

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de atraso e fatores associados aos escores de desenvolvimento em crianças nascidas prematuras. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal para avaliar o desenvolvimento por escalas Bayley III, incluindo-se prematuros de muito baixo peso de 18 a 24 meses de idade corrigida, acompanhados no Ambulatório de Prematuros da instituição. Excluíram-se: malformação congênita, síndrome genética, infecção congênita sintomática ao nascimento, surdez e cegueira. As variáveis numéricas foram comparadas por teste t de Student ou Mann-Whitney, e as categóricas, por qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Para análise dos fatores associados aos escores de desenvolvimento, utilizou-se a regressão linear, considerando-se significante p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Das 58 crianças avaliadas, quatro (6,9%) apresentaram alteração cognitiva; quatro (6,9%), motora; 17 (29,3%), de linguagem; 16 (27,6%), socioemocional; e 22 (37,9%), de comportamento adaptativo. À regressão linear múltipla, os fatores classe socioeconômica CDE (-13,27; IC95% -21,23 a -5,31) e dependência de oxigênio com 36 semanas de idade corrigida (-8,75; IC95% -17,10 a -0,39) diminuíram o escore cognitivo. A leucomalácia periventricular diminuiu o escore cognitivo (-15,21; IC95% -27,61 a -2,81), motor (-10,67; IC95% -19,74 a -1,59) e de comportamento adaptativo (-21,52; IC95% -35,60 a -7,44). O sexo feminino se associou ao maior escore motor (10,67; IC95% 2,77-12,97), de linguagem (15,74; IC95% 7,39-24,09) e socioemocional (10,27; IC95% 1,08-19,46). CONCLUSÕES: Prematuros de muito baixo peso apresentaram com maior frequência alterações na linguagem, comportamento adaptativo e socioemocional. As variáveis classe socioeconômica CDE, leucomalácia periventricular, displasia broncopulmonar e sexo masculino contribuíram para reduzir os escores de desenvolvimento.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of delay and factors associated with neurodevelopmental scores in premature infants. METHODS: Cross-sectional study to assess the development by Bayley Scales III, including very low birth weight preterm infants aged 18 to 24 months who were under follow-up at the outpatient clinic for preterm infants. Congenital malformation, genetic syndrome, symptomatic congenital infection at birth, deafness, and blindness were excluded. Numerical variables were compared by Mann-Whitney or Student t test and categorical variables by chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Factors associated with developmental scores were analyzed by linear regression, and statistical significance level was established at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Out of the 58 children included, four (6.9%) presented cognitive delay, four (6.9%) motor, 17 (29.3%) language, 16 (27.6%) social-emotional and 22 (37.0%) adaptive-behavior delay. By multiple linear regression, the variables: social classes CDE (-13.27; 95%CI: -21.23 to -5.31), oxygen dependency at 36 weeks of corrected age (-8.75; 95%CI: -17.10 to -0.39) decreased the cognitive developmental score. Periventricular leukomalacia decreased the cognitive (-15.21; 95%CI: -27.61 to -2.81), motor (-10.67; 95%CI:-19.74 to -1.59) and adaptive-behavior scores (-21.52; 95%CI: -35.60 to -7.44). The female sex was associated with higher motor (10.67; 95%CI: 2.77 to 12.97), language (15.74; 95%CI: 7.39 to 24.09) and social-emotional developmental scores (10.27; 95%CI: 1.08 to 19.46). CONCLUSIONS: Very low birth weight preterm infants aged from 18 to 24 months of corrected age presented more frequently language, social-emotional and adaptive-behavior delays. The variables: social classes CDE, periventricular leukomalacia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and male sex reduced the neurodevelopmental scores.